The Emotional and Social Intelligences of Effective Leadership

Critical Learning Points The article by Ronald E. Riggio and Rebecca J. Reichard (2008) offers an analysis of the social and emotional skills that should be developed by a leader. A number of their ideas appeared to be especially appealing to me.  Since leadership presupposes working with people, the importance of social skills cannot be denied. The classification suggested in the article presupposes singling out social and emotional expressiveness, sensitivity and control.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Emotional and Social Intelligences of Effective Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While the importance of the separate skills has been outlined in the article, it is also implied that all of them are interconnected and interrelated. The complex of these skills should be developed, and the authors of the article suggest that assessment and reflection can help a leader in this process. I t appears to me that controlling one’s emotions is especially important both for the leaders’ images and the success of their managerial activities. At the same time, being emotionally expressive, as the article emphasizes, is necessary for a charismatic leader. It helps one to motivate and inspire employees and facilitates the relationship building process. The effective means of expressing disapproval are of great interest to me. I realize that criticism is necessary both for the business and the employees since a leader should encourage their development. At the same time, I understand that irritability or anger would in most cases be counterproductive and may damage the relationship between myself and an employee as suggested by the authors of the article. Therefore, in the process of reprimanding both the emotional expressiveness and control are needed along with emotional sensitivity as the reaction of the employee needs to be assessed and taken into account.   Apart from that, the article emphasizes the significance of effective listening, which also corresponds to my personal views. The research in the article proves that being emotionally and socially sensitive facilitates the creation of a healthy trust- and respect-based relationship with the employees. Finally, it is noteworthy that social expressiveness and control are important for a leader’s image and, subsequently, career advancement. All of this proves that the development of the mentioned social skills is crucial for me as a leader. Applying the Insights to the Future Career Being most interested in human-oriented leadership, I have been paying particular attention to the part of the text devoted to the development of the leader’s relationships with the followers. I have come to the conclusion that by developing my social skills I will be able to build better relationships with my employees.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let' s see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In my opinion, the development of social skills in many ways depends on self-improvement, self-reporting, and reflexion. Self-reporting has been suggested by the authors of the article as a way of social skills assessment and their subsequent improvement. I realize that this method may be partially ineffective and should not become the only way of assessment of one’s actions. Still, in my opinion, it facilitates the process of developing a control over one’s emotions and especially their expression, and I intend to utilize it in future. Thought-Provoking Questions 1) I would like to discuss the effective means of expressing disapproval to the employees. 2) The article points out the importance effective listening and the difficulties of operationally defining it (Riggio Reichard, 2008, p. 178). I would like my peers to express their ideas concerning this term and integrate them in a relati vely consistent description. Reference Riggio, R., Reichard, R. (2008). The Emotional and Social Intelligences of Effective Leadership. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(2), 169-185. doi:10.1108/02683940810850808 This critical writing on The Emotional and Social Intelligences of Effective Leadership was written and submitted by user Nola West to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom History of Haiti essay

buy custom History of Haiti essay Before the Arrival of Christopher Columbus, the Spanish explorer, in 1492 during his first voyage, Haiti was inhabited by the Taino and Arakwan tribes who referred their country as Ayiti or Hayti meaning land of mountains (Coupeau). Christopher declared the island a Spanish colony and named it Hispaniola. He went ahead and established a temporary settlement on the Northern coast of the island which he named Christmas or Navidad. At first the tribes were friendly to the settled Spaniards but after discovery of their abuse and intolerance they became very violent against them. On his second return in 1493, Columbus discovered that the settlement at Christmas has been destroyed and the settlers disappeared presumably slain. He was bent on establishing this island as a Spanish colony and therefore made another settlement on the Eastern coast, which became known as Isabella (Girard). Spain established the island as its colonial administration headquarters after the disappointment of lack of gold as expected. The conquest and colonization of the other islands was to be conducted from here as Coupeau says. The Spanish system of repartimiento was tested here whereby the Spain born people were given land and the right to force the Indian inhabitants to work for them. Columbus and his brother who were in charge of the colony fell out with the settlers and consequently with the crown because they failed to maintain order. A new governor, Nicolas De Avando took over and under him the system of encomienda was enforced. This meant that all the land was the property of the crown and the Spaniards were stewards of huge tracks of land and could employ the inhabitants labor which in practice was slavery. Under the colonial rule the Taino Indians were almost eliminated from hundreds of thousands according to accounts to about 150 by 1550 (Coupeau). This was attributed to diseases, forced labor and the emergency of Mulatos or Mestizo and saw the near elimination of the Taino people and their culture. Interest on the colony however, was lost to the Spanish crown after the discovery of gold in the Mexico and South American colonies. Agriculture became the backbone of the economy but did not thrive as much as it experienced under the French rule. The Spanish neglect of the Island gave other colonizers a chance to invade the island. The French established their first permanent settlement in Tortuga, an island off the West coast of Hispaniola, in 1659 under King Louis XIV. Another group of French colonizers were already settled in the north coast of Hispaniola. Skirmishes with the English and French forces had weakened the Spanish in Hispaniola and therefore the invasion of the French into the island was easier. They established the French West India Company to give direction to commerce in the colony. In 1670 the first major community was established at Cap Francois now named Cap Haitien and in 1697 the Treaty of Ryswick was signed where the Spain relinquished sovereignty of the Island to the French and was renamed Saint Domingue (Girard). Under the French rule the colony became prosperous and the richest colony in the Western hemisphere. By the mid eighteenth century produced about the 60 percent of worlds coffee and 40percent of sugar imported to French and Britain. It also accounted for two thirds of the French commercial interests abroad and brought luxury to plantation owners and jobs to the mother country, but its major flaw was slavery (Jermyn and Ngcheong-Lum). The slave labor for the sugar and coffee plantations were brought from West Africa which were greatly abused and remained impoverished. Men mainly provided labor and few lived long enough to reproduce while women were made slave masters concubines. The slavery system produced a mixture of races and consequently classes of people. At the top were the white colonialists or the blancs, then the mulattoes or the people of color who were also free and then the masses of black slaves. This is what is what has shaped the modern Haiti society(Morss). This slavery system and the discriminative legislations brought a lot of resentment and conflict. The people of color were not permitted take certain professions and other detailed restrictions but they could purchase land and rend money to the planters and some accumulated substantial wealth. The black slaves on the other hand, runaway and waged guerilla warfare against the settlers and the inhabitants too the most common one being led by a man named Francois Macandal between 1751 and 1757 (Coupeau). This eventually culminated to the 1791 slave rebellion, which evolved to Haitian revolution. The French with the help of the people of color was able to repel the attacks of the maroons but the maroons wanted more than what they had, they wanted equality with the settlers. This delicate balance of the slavery system crumbled down don during the 1789 French Revolution. The French national assembly required that the colonial assembly give suffrage to the landed and tax paying people of co lor which it ignored. This led to a revolt from the people of color, which failed. The colonial authority was faced with massive slave rebellion in 1791 which was supported by some people of color. This saw a lot of damage wrecked on the plantations and factories and killing of the white people. Soon this spread to Cap Francais and people of color staged attacks, which led to widespread revolution throughout the island, which attracted Spanish and English intervention (Books LLC). Then, came the leadership of Toussaint Louverture to the rebellion with the help of the French authority. Louverture together with his allies, successfully fought for the independence of the slaves in Haiti after the French abolished slavery in 1794. In 1802, French under Napoleon Bonaparte tried to take back Haiti to slavery where he sought help from America and Thomas Jefferson who at first supported him but later remained neutral after realization Napoleon wanted to colonize his land. Louvarture was arrested in 1803 bu his colleagues continued with the resistant eventually attaining in dependence in 1804 and in 1805 the island nation drafted it first constitution. Soon after independence the French imposed a trade embargo against Haiti and demanded a compensation for the loss of slaves which was an astronomical figure of 125 million francs which the country finished paying in 1947. This left the country on a struggling economy for those years (Borgy and Chojnicki). This was further worsened by the attack and invasion from the US marines in 1915 as fear of German occupation heightened from the small population of German people integrating and owning property in the island. The French and US took control of Haitis economy and the central bank, amid resistant, to make sure their debts were paid ward off any resistant from the Haitians with brutal force. This lasted until 1947 when their debts were cleared and was marked by imposed dictatorship, death squads, torture and enslavement, which resulted to a revolt in 1986.(Buss and Gardner) In 1990, Haiti voted for Jean Bertrand Aristide who tried to put an end to corruption and improve the lives of the countrys poor but did not last long before he was ousted by the Catholic Church with the help of the CIA. Eventually Aristide was put back to power by the Clinton administration at the cost of the countrys economy, which, saw it open up to the trade from the US reducing the country further into poverty. However, Aristides government made a few milestones in the provision of education and health care to the poor in the country and had promised to double the minimum wages (Morss). These policies put into motion a lot of political resistance from mainly the wealthy landowners with the support of many interested parties including foreign governments. Aristide was eventually forced to step down and since then the country has been plugged into one coup after another and deteriorating conditions of living for the poor. There have also been claims of killings, rape and torture f rom the powers being to the rebellious people in the countrys poor slums. Since 2006, after elections hoped to return the country into sanity, Haiti has experienced political turmoil one after another. In this elections allegations of election fraud were raised after Rene Preval, a former prime minister and Aristides friend was declared the winner. In 2008, the current prime minister, Jacques-Edourd Alexis was ousted by the senate for poor performance of the countrys economy. Another prime minister was appointed by the president and rejected by the lower house and finally Michele Pierre was approved as the prime minister. In 2009, the senate was at it again when they ousted Michele Pirre who the international community thought was competent to bring change to the country and replaced her with Jean-Max Bellerive (Books LLC). Last November, poll also presented the same debacle as allegations of massive election fraud were raised in the first round. A former first lady was declared the winner by the electoral commission and was to face Jude Celestin in the se cond round. This brought protests in the country. Eventually Jude Celestin was put under pressure apparently by the United States to withdraw leaving Manigat to face Martely who worn by a landslide (Kelly). There is some hope that the countrys unstable politics would end and bring the much-needed investment into the country. The Haiti economy The country has been described as the poorest in the western hemisphere and its capacity to attract investment is very low (Sletten and Egset). By the time the country gained independence in 1804, it was the richest and most productive colony in the world, however, years of political instability and international isolation in diplomatic engagement in earlier years coupled with a huge debt to both US and French has left the country reeling. During the period between 1996 and 2001, the country tried to implement some reforms in order to attain economic stability. These included cutting government expenditure, down sizing the civil service and modernization of state owned entities among others. Structural adjustments were also implemented as required by financial institutions funding the reforms such as World Bank, IMF and inter American Development bank. Modernization of the state corporations was a major policy issues during this time however only two have been privatized as the issue has turned into a political one. External aid has been and continues to be of great importance in the economic development of the country(Books LLC). The major sectors supporting the economy of the country are agriculture, fishing, forestry and mining. Most of the Haitians rely on substance farming although an export agriculture sector exists. The agricultural, fishing and forestry sector contributed to 28% of the GDP in 2004 and employed 66% of the force (Borgy and Chojnicki). The major cash crops in the country are coffee, cocoa and mangoes. The mining industry is small with total earning of around $13 million per year dominated mainly by Bauxite, calcium carbonate, copper, gold and marble. The manufacturing sector is consisted mainly of beverages, butter, cement, detergents, flours sugar and textiles among others. Growth in this sector has been undermined by lack of investment. This sector accounted for 20% of GDP employing less than 10% of the labor force. The sector has been declining since the 1994 UN embargo on trade that saw as many as 80,000 workers put of work. The years following the military rule since 1991 contributed to the decline in the sector. The service sector in the country has the sustained little growth in unstable years of 1990s. It employed 25% of the labor force in 2004 and contributed to 52% of the GDP. The impediment to economic growth in the country has been the lack of reliable banking and financial sector as banks collapse with regularity and mmost of the banks are in the capital city of Port-au-Prince. The country boasted of no stock exchange by 2009 labor (Buss and Gardner). Tourism was an important sector of the economy in the 1970s and 1980s however political instability in 1990s and early 2000s discouraged any growth in the industry. Lack of infrastructure and up to date hospitality industry has also been a turn off for visitors. One can not conclude a discussion of the economy of Haiti without mention of the labor force. In 1995 the USAID estimated the labor force to be about 3.6 million but with minimal skilled labor. Statistics on employment are sparse due to lack of pub lication of such data and the only available ones are from foreign organizations such as USAID which gave a figure of 50% unemployment in 2003 (Kelly). Geography of Haiti The Republic of Haiti is in the Western hemisphere and occupies one third of the Western of the island of the Hispaniola west of the Dominican Republic and between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean (Jermyn and Ngcheong-Lum). It has an area of 27,750 square kilometers and a coastline of 1, 1771 km of coastline. Haiti has a land area of 27,560 square kilometers and 190 square kilometer of water. The land is comprised of three fourths mountainous country marked by great fertile valleys, extensive plateaus and small plains. The climate is mainly tropical but the eastern side is semi desert as mountains block the trade winds. Rainfall varies in the country and averages between 1,370 mm with two rainy seasons between April and June and October and November (Jermyn and Ngcheong-Lum). The country is geographically situated in the hurricane region and therefore prone to strong storms between June and October, flooding is another phenomenon characterizing the country with earthquakes and floods also being common. Demographics The population of Haiti is estimated to be 9,648,924 by 2010 and is estimated to reach 9,719,932 by July 2011 according to the US Bureau of the Census (Eurostat). This averages about 250 people per square kilometer and concentrated mainly in urban areas, valleys and coastal plains. The population is largely composed of Haitians of West African ancestry, mulattos and small number of Asians, Arabs and white communities. There are also Hispanic people mainly from Cuba and Dominican Republic(Eurostat). The CIA fact book reports that the age structure of 0-14 years comprise 38% of the total [population and 15-65 years making up 58.5% and those above 65 years to be 3.4% of the population. The population growth rate is low at 0.787 % per annum according to this report. Social problems in Haiti Poverty Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere. 80% of the population is estimated to live in absolute poverty. A look at the capital city Port-au-prince gives a grim picture of the poverty in the country (Kelly). Most of the population lives in slums which are overcrowded and prone to diseases. In this city most of the population of people who work earn less than two US dollars a day this is hardly enough to cater for the basic necessities like food and health care. The Pan-American Health Organization (Eurostat) reports that child mortality, communicable diseases are very prevalent mainly due to poverty. This situation has been aggravated by the biggest natural disaster in its 200 years history, the January 2010 earthquake that shook the country capital to its core and caused hundreds of thousand of lost life. The president of the country is quoted saying that the parliament had collapsed, tax office, Schools and hospitals and the destruction of the capital as unimaginable. This was followed by a hurricane, which saw an outbreak of cholera that claimed even more life (Kelly). Unequal distribution of wealth In this country, a small elite group mainly of elites and ruling class composed of several thousand families are extremely wealthy while 80% of the population is estimated to live in absolute poverty. There exist a small middle class group consisting of civil servants and other government employees but the gap between the majority black and the minority lighter skinned people is very wide (Kelly). This has existed since colonization. The minority wealthy live in cooler mountainsides where education and medical services are exclusively private. Their children attend schools abroad either in Paris or United States with most of the families holding bank accounts in United States. In comparison the rural folks live in small remote villages or settlements where they have no access to clean water, electricity, education and other social services. In comparison to the wealthy children, the rural kids have access to elementary education provided by either the churches or charitable organizat ions. The rural children travel long distances to school, cannot afford the books and uniform and have to work at an early age. This only increases illiteracy levels among the poor with estimation that half the adult population is illiterate. Health services are another thing they cannot afford and some areas depend entirely on relief food from aid agencies. Racial divisions Racial divisions in the country are another problem although 95% of the population is composed of black people (Kelly). The divisions occur between the largely black people of the African decent and the mulattoes who act as the ruling class. The mulattoes are wealthy and identify with wealthy classes in other countries and have little to do with the Haitian poor. The country has an underdeveloped social, economic and political institutions and mostly education system which do not allow for upward social mobility making the difference even wider. This is further aggravated by isolation of rural populations from the urban ones with reports indicating that 79% of Haitians have no or little contact with Port-au-Prince or other major towns, which are centers of change. Buy custom History of Haiti essay

Antimalware and Antispam Technology Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Antimalware and Antispam Technology - Case Study Example The decision proved costly as the software exhibited a persistent tendency to incorrectly identify Outlook files as malware and permanently delete them. Within two weeks it had deleted dozens of important emails. As no amount of configuring seemed to solve this problem, we made the transition to Symantec's Norton Internet Security. Since 2004, every computer and laptop in our company has been running Norton Internet Security. The software has, quite successfully, prevented users from logging onto a host of sites which we have identified as potentially threatening and from running peer to peer software. Indeed, the results of the ICT Department's periodic review of the application's logs indicate that Norton Internet Security has effectively protected us from a wide array of malware. Effective protection, however, does not mean immunity and therefore, we have implemented a second level of protection. Following a thorough investigation of anti-malware applications the ICT department decided to implement BINDER. A host-based detection system that can detect a wide class of malware on computers, including worms, spyware, and adware, with few false alarms, it operates through a simple algorithm which is based on inferring user intent. It detects new unknown malware on personal computers by identifying extrusions, malicious outbound network requests which the user did not intend. At the same time, and as the ICT Director informed me, we have also developed and implemented a large-scale honeyfarm system that ensures high-fidelity honeypot operation, efficiently discards the incessant Internet .background radiation that has only nuisance value when looking for new forms of activity, and devises and enforces an effective containment policy to ensure that the detected malware does not inflict external damage or skew internal analyses. Operating side-by-side, these two malware detection systems have, over the past fifteen months, effectively protected the company from malware attacks and infections. 3.1 Inferring User Intent I asked our ICT Director precisely how BINDER infers user-intent connections and, in response, he cited a very simple example. Let us assume that a user opens an Internet Explorer (IE) window, goes to a news web site, then leaves the window idle. In this example, new connections are generated in the following four cases: (1) When the user opens IE by double-clicking its icon on My Desktop in Windows, the shell process explorer.exe (PID=1664) of Windows receives the user input, and then starts the IE process. After the domain name of the default homepage is resolved, the IE process makes a connection to it to download the homepage. This connection of IE is triggered by the user input of its parent process of explorer.exe. (2) Case II: After the user clicks a bookmark of news.yahoo.com in the IE window, the domain name is resolved as xx.xxx.xx.xxx. Then the IE process makes a connection to it to download the HTML file. This connection is triggered by the user input of the same process. (3) Case III: After receiving the HTML file in 4 packets, IE goes to retrieve two image files from the websites in question. IE makes connections to them after the domain

Perks and Benefits in The Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Perks and Benefits in The Organisations - Essay Example This makes it clear that the branch of fringe benefits has a lot of examples and types under its shelter making it easier for employers to pick the ones feasible for them to motivate their employees. A company offering a high level of fringe benefits is also regarded as one of the best employers and makes a market reputation of itself in the job market ending up in hiring the best of all applicants (Wisteret, 1959). The nature It is seen that everything which gives an appropriate level of advantages is said to have some draw backs of using it as well. Fringe benefits by nature are regarded as employee motivators and factors to approve your desirability as an employer in the market; it can be proved as well by looking at the top most employers of all time who are said to be giving out many fringe benefits to their employees apart from good salaries which has made them create their good image in the employment market (Newstrom, 1977). However, Fringe benefits, like everything else can cause a certain amount of damage to the organization as well if we look at them from the perspective of small employers. To them, fringe benefits can be very costly and can also cause problems in the capital management of the organization. Moreover, not distinguishing employers by their size, it is seen that many employers offering a good level of fringe benefits face trial in the court due to complains by some neglected or incapable employees who fail to show desired performance to become eligible of the benefits. This costs many companies a whole lot of money while also creating a bad image of them in the market. The range Fringe benefits today can include numerous things such as: housing arrangements provided by the employer, free or discounted medical facilities, day care services, insurance plans, retirement and provident fund packages, job security, year-end paid vacations, provision of cars and a lot more Specific packages Provident fund and pension packages Such packages are usually offered from the lower level of staff to the highest level but they tend to differ from one another on the seniority basis Housing facilities Housing packages are generally provided to senior employees in most companies but some might give their lower level employees a hostel type of accommodation as well. Accommodation just like other packages gets bigger and more comfortable as an employee climbs the ladder up in an organization Day care services Such packages are mostly offered to all company employees as this arrangement is offered at the premises of the company itself. New development in packages Day care services and job security packages are the new advancements Conclusion Fringe benefits are the oldest form of compensation apart from salary and wages and will continue to be offered by employers to motivate and retrench its workforce. MATERNITY BENEFITS Introduction Whether a company has given attention to maternity benefits or not an employee is still entitled to ma ternity benefits by law. Law, they differ from country to country but Women who are pregnant, have recently given birth or are caring for a new born are all entitled to maternity benefits, moreover, parents who have recently adopted a child also can apply for them in many countries.

Segmentation and Targeting Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Segmentation and Targeting - Term Paper Example A Rolex customer is a person that is accustomed to buying luxury items. A lot of Rolex watches have target market of people that are millionaires (Rolexforums, 2011). (2) How does the choice of target market influence the company's pricing and promotion (from what you know so far)? The target market of Timex of targeting people of all ages is achieved by the firm’s pricing strategy of selling watches at the low end of the market. Most Timex watches are sold at a price point between $25 and $50. Timex utilizes various promotional strategies to increase the sales of the firm. Some of the stunts include the use of customized watches for incentive awards, sales incentives, corporate promotions, business gifts, safety programs, and recognition awards (Timex, 2011). The retailer that sell Timex watches on many occasions sell the watches on special since the target customer of Timex watches are price sensitive. The demand of products that are priced low goes up by further decreasing the price of the product. The Rolex uses different promotional strategies to attract customers. The use of celebrities sponsoring the product can help increase the appeal of the product. Rolex watches are sold at jewelry stores and in luxury department stores. There is a lot of competition in the luxury watch marketplace and many online vendors offer attractive discounts off the retail price to persuade people to buy Rolex products. For instance Melrose Jewelers is currently offering the Presidential Rolex at $9,825 (Melrose Jewelers, 2011). This price is 36% below retail price. (3) Now imagine one of the companies you chose wants to introduce a new target market. For instance, suppose Hilton or Four Seasons wanted to offer a budget option for the target market sought by Motel 6. How would this strategy affect consumer perceptions? Rolex could introduce a cheap version of its watches to attract the younger demographic between the ages of 18-25 years of age. The new product could att ract a lot of new customers and the sales of that product might be excellent. The problem with that strategy is that it can dilute the brand name of the company. The wealthy people that are accustomed to the prestige of owning a Rolex will not be very happy with the masses buying cheap Rolexes sold at hundreds of dollar a piece instead of thousands. The company could lose a lot of customers that are enabling the firm to make a nice profit margin from each unit sold. The second scenario involves Timex introducing an expensive model to target a different segment. A good way to achieve such a strategy is by including implicit value in the construction of the watch such building the watch with some or all its parts in gold. I think adding a line of luxury watches would be beneficial for the company. (4) Do you think these customers will be influenced by changes in the economy? Why or why not? Timex is better suited to accept negative changes in the economy than Rolex. Timex sells a chea p product. During bad economic times people look for bargains. Many users of mid level brands might switch to cheap brands such as Timex to serve their watch needs. During good economic times the Timex brand will do better, but the firm might lose a portion of its recurrent customers who might switch to more expensive brands because they can afford them now. The low price point of Timex makes the watch an excellent gift and during good economic times people are more generous. A Rolex is a luxury item. Luxury items do not have good sales during bad economic

Impact of organizational culture

Impact of organizational culture Impact of Organizational Culture on employees job satisfaction and performance Does the organizational culture have any influence on employees at workplace? There are so many factors which builds an organizations image in front of the customers. Among those factors, culture plays a vital role in shaping the structure of workplace design and the delivery of successful customer service. Lund (2003) states that in the past decades, economical researchers were thirsty for finding the scope of organizational culture and its influence in marketing issues in order to find the ways of making the performance higher. In the corporate world, employees work with people from various regions of the world which have a rich culture. The principles of an organization set the standards to a companys corporate culture. In a world where many corporate norms are adopted from the western culture, employees from other region may find it difficult to practice their traditional values and culture. This type of Western adoption helps create a conflict where employees feel that they are losing their traditions and values, and ultimately leading to a less diverse world. Each organization has their own unique traits which differs them from the competitions. The culture values will be acclimatized by the employees as they work along with the management and from the motivation they receive. The commitment of people working in an organization is inevitable to achieve the company goals and targets. This is based on the culture embossed in the company which can have a psychological effect on the way employees performed. If a certain type of culture is embossed on the employee it may force them to adopt a new culture other than their own. Rashid, Samashivan Johari, (2002) state that various researches on organizational culture have been done regarding the relation of financial performance and found out that encouraging environment of organizational culture empowers the employees to deliver their best. The economic growth of a company is derived not only from the management efforts but also from the bottom line employees who give their best to support the organization. When we look at an organizational point of view, a company always tries to maintain standards by enforcing a set code of conduct. However when we look at other industries for instance the hotel industry we see a large gathering of many cultures working towards one goal where customer service is primary priority. Hotels often embrace different cultures and show their appreciations by promoting awareness of the diverse cultures through celebrating National days which help other employees to learn more about the culture, language and traditions which has a result leads to a better connection between employees and management. Whereas if were to take a call centre outsourced in another country set standard rules are laid down to be followed when interacting with clients. This gives no opportunity for the employees to express themselves. However this can be viewed from another angle. With one solid corporate culture being enforced and practiced throughout an organization, it can help unify all its employees where they begin to think that they belong to the same company and therefore must work towards its benefits. This hence creates the effect of the employees being unified by one banner. According to Chang and Lee, (2007) a study conducted in Taiwan company found that the cultural values of people integrity, veracity and solidity have direct relation with their job performance and the satisfaction. The level of employee satisfaction can be graded according to an organizations view on how best to make use of its resources in the company . Different motivational tactics may need to be juggled by the organization in order to fine tune their employees. This requires them to conduct in depth research about their people in order to get their heads and learn how they tick. The level of Job satisfaction is also affected by the attitudes of the employees where their view of cultural values is gained from past experiences in different companies. This attitude differences can also affect their job performance directly or indirectly where they are forced to work in an organization, which has their own set of standardized cultural values and when expected to be followed by the employees. Every employee will have their own cultural background and it is the organizations responsibility to mold and bud in their corporate culture in the employee minds to stimulate the job satisfaction. When looking into the rising companies around the world, the corporate managements have strongly decided to give the primary emphasis on trainings and seminars at the workplace where the multicultural environment will boost the integrity of the employees. 1) Organizational culture and job satisfaction Lund, D. (2003). Organizational culture and job satisfaction. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing.18(3), p219-236 retrieved from emerald. I chose this report because this article gives a proper investigation on the impact of organizational culture on employee satisfaction. The article makes use of modern day research techniques in order to provide statistical understanding and prove that theory between Organizational culture and job satisfaction is interlinked. The article also provides an in depth analysis of the types of corporate culture that exists in the form of a matrix. This will help lay down a proper understanding of the cultural impact. The article provides statistical feedback on topics from corporate culture and job satisfaction and some analysis between high and low job satisfaction. There are also figures on dominant organizational cultures. As a result of all this figures collected I will have enough statistical proof to justify my findings. Another interesting feature of the article is that it provides a step by step break down of how the information was collected and managed. The analysis section helps point out relevant facts which can help the reader see the importance of organizational culture. The author has also attached an executive summary and implications for managers and executives to follow the guidelines of corporate culture. The cultural typology utilized in the study for the journal is one of the many reported in literature and also the data collection was done individually with various demographic and organizational background which acts a strong root in the topic. 2) The influence of corporate culture and organizational commitment on performance Rahid, Md., Sambasivan, A., Johari, J. (2003). 2) The influence of corporate culture and organizational commitment on performance. Journal of Management Development. 22 (8), p708-723. Retrieved from emerald. Ive chosen this article because it provides an organizational commitment section. The section goes on to describe what the initiatives an organizations have done in order to improve performance of the employees described by the researchers. The paper examines the influence of corporate culture and organizational commitment on financial performance in Malaysian companies. And the results indicate the considerable relation between corporate culture and organizational commitment. The study was lead by forming basic questions about the organizational culture and its elements related. The article is followed by the literature review which shed the lights on corporate culture and organizational commitment backed up by a theoretical framework. The structure portrays the leading path and relation between these main elements of an organization which are organizational culture, organizational commitment and the financial performance. Results and discussions of the studies reveal the types of corporate culture, types of organizational commitment with relevant tables of data to support. Finally the article is concluded by mentioning the emphasis of organizational commitment in the organizational culture hence advising the managemen t to implement to find the ways of encouraging the organizational commitment. 3) The influence of culture on perceptions of service employee behavior Kong, M. Jogarathan, G.. (2007). The influence of culture on perceptions of service employee behavior. Managing Service Quality. 17 (3), p275-297. I have chosen this article because it deals with my topic using hospitality industry as an example. The article looks at comparing service between in the US and Republic of Korea. In order to find which provides a better experience and underline the key differences in the two societies. The article also provides a questionnaire that is used both in US and Korea. The questions are designed in such a way to understand the distinctive points of each service. The results in the article go onto show the key differences the service staffs possess. They are also suggested possible ways to make best use of resources and trainings to get the best out of effort in employees. The data collection and analysis methods result in explaining the demographic characteristics and dimensions of wait-staff behavior and also regression with customer satisfaction. It also talks about the managerial implications by adding the points that employee behaviors are affected by culture differences nation by nations. Limitations about the study are discusses as employee behavior is associated with other things around and difference between the cultures. However a future research is suggested to back up the studies conducted. 4) A study on relationship among leadership, organizational culture, the operation of learning organization and employees job satisfaction Lee, M., Chang, S. (2007). A study on relationship among leadership, organizational culture, the operation of learning organization and employees job satisfaction.The Learning Organization. 14 (2), p155-185. Lee, M., Chang, S. (2007). A study on relationship among leadership, organizational culture, the operation of learning organization and employees job satisfaction.The Learning Organization. 14 (2), p155-185. Once again a quantitative research method was used to find the key differences under leadership organizational culture and the ability to learn in the organization. Results showed organizational culture is a very crucial factor that can affect the organization and an employees to learn. Though research was conducted in Taiwan, it provides suggestions for business administrators to understand that satisfying employee needs is going to be a tedious task but under the right leadership can be achieved. Instead of being led by a manager, employee needs to be empowered so that they can be future leaders and develop their future prospects. In the literature view, the author has mentioned about the leadership theories support and how they are important to an organization. Then it is linked to the organizational culture and goes on to job satisfaction of employee and also the relationship between leadership and the operation of learning organization in contrast to the relationship between org anizational culture and the operation of learning organization which gives a clear picture of general organizations the administrators developing methods. The research findings support the topic question by stating the influence of leadership, the organizational culture and the direct relationship with employee job satisfaction. 5) Organizational alignment and hospitality firm performance Crotts, J., Ford, Robert,. Heung, V., Ngai,H.. (2009). 5) Organizational alignment and hospitality firm performance. International Journal of Culture Tourism and Hospitality Research. 3 (1), 3-12. I have chosen this article because it looks at hospitality organization either big or small in size, that require stern and good managers that are needed to guide their employees so that the moments of truth encounter by the guest is received with great satisfaction and awe. As a result the firms goals and aims are established. In order to achieve this, the article looked into different propositions offered to the employees used to get these aims accomplished. The findings of the research provided in sight into different groups in the organization and how they align themselves with the goals of the company. Another important finding was the fact that high organizational support led to high employee commitment as compared to low organizational commitment. These findings prove helpful as managers can use these findings in order to use proper assessment tools and effectively manage the firm. The article goes on to explain various organizational types and methodology and their commitment to their employees. A figure used to describe conceptual cause in the article helps bring a clear concise view of the topic and helps break it down for readers to understand. As like many of the articles found it is backed by valid statistical information. 6) The Impact of culture on Organizational performance in selected textile firms in Nigeria Aluko, M. (2005). 6) The Impact of culture on Organizational performance in selected textile firms in Nigeria. Nordic Journal of African Studies.12 (2). P164-179 This article was chosen in order to substantiate my point that sometime a common culture being followed leads to better communication in the organization. Due to the common goal being followed it leads to forming a link between employees where they strive to work for a common goal. The article also provided interesting insight on other cultures like Japanese and Americans from the Nigerian perspective. This can be used in order to reinforce my theory of the them and us attitude. It further explores areas of psychology like Power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, quantity of life vs. quality and long term vs. short term orientation. These topics provide the readers with a psychology point of view on the topic. A bit of anthropology is also brought into the picture as well through the study of the different Nigerian cultures as well. A combination of these elements can be used to prove the different norms practiced and how it effects organizations. As like my other articles statistics and graphical images are used to keep the readers interest and drive the point through. 7) The effect of intercultural sensitivity on employee performance in cross-cultural service encounters Sizoo, S. Plank, R. Iskat, W. Serrie, H.. (2005). 7) The effect of intercultural sensitivity on employee performance in cross-cultural service encounters. Journal of Service Marketing. 19 (4), p245-255. The basic aim of choosing this article is the interlink between intercultural sensitivity on employee performance in cross-cultural service encounters has been well defined by the authors. The research for this article was done in United States and the methodology of the research is well clarified with the methods. An executive summary is attached to the article which is meant to help the mangers and executives especially for the HR heads. When the impact of intercultural sensitivity on employee performance is strong in this era, the quality of service delivery of employees to the customers is really important to achieve in the financial performance of an organization as well as for the growth of the concern. Intercultural sensitivity is been referred to as an attitude which enables an individual to interact effectively with the people from cultural diversity. The figures in the article show the stability of collected data and the recent reports about the US economy in relation with the service growth and happy customers. The research of the study was set up in four and five star hotels in the Florida State of US, including the hospitality industry leaders. These authors have observed the cultures effect on customer behavior and effects which are directly affected by the job satisfaction of the employees. References Aluko, M. (2005). 6) The Impact of culture on Organizational performance in selected textile firms in Nigeria. Nordic Journal of African Studies.12 (2). P164-179 Crotts, J., Ford, Robert,. Heung, V., Ngai,H.. (2009). 5) Organizational alignment and hospitality firm performance. International Journal of Culture Tourism and Hospitality Research. 3 (1), 3-12. Kong, M. Jogarathan, G.. (2007). The influence of culture on perceptions of service employee behavior. Managing Service Quality. 17 (3), p275-297. Lee, M., Chang, S. (2007). A study on relationship among leadership, organizational culture, the operation of learning organization and employees job satisfaction.The Learning Organization. 14 (2), p155-185. Lund, D. (2003). Organizational culture and job satisfaction. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing.18(3), p219-236 retrieved from emerald. Rahid, Md., Sambasivan, A., Johari, J. (2003). 2) The influence of corporate culture and organizational commitment on performance. Journal of Management Development. 22 (8), p708-723. Retrieved from emerald. Sizoo, S. Plank, R. Iskat, W. Serrie, H.. (2005). 7) The effect of intercultural sensitivity on employee performance in cross-cultural service encounters. Journal of Service Marketing. 19 (4), p245-255.

the first days of school Essay -- essays research papers

In this first unit of The First Days of School, Harry Wong presents three characteristics of an effective teacher. The three characteristics are: has good classroom management skills, teaches for mastery, and has positive expectations for student success. The effective teacher exhibits positive expectations for all students. Having positive expectations simply means that the teacher believes in the student and that the student can learn. Students will live up to the expectations you set, and to be effective- your expectations should be positive for all students. The effective teacher establishes good classroom management techniques. Classroom Management is practices and procedures that a teacher uses to maintain an environment in which instruction and learning can occur. Effective teachers manage, ineffective teachers discipline; this book guides you in practicing procedures with your students. The effective teacher designs lessons for student mastery. Mastery simply means a student's demonstration that a concept or skill can be performed at a level of proficiency determined by the teacher. Student success in the subject matter of the class will be the result of how well the teacher designs lessons and checks for mastery. You must kno w how to get students to do their assignments, pass their tests, and work cooperatively.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wong states that what you do on the first few days of school can determine your success for the rest of the year. Some of the ...

Essay writing Kenny Pau Hunting Snake Essay

The poem ‘hunting snake’ written by Judith Wright highlights the idea that nature and man are equal. Through the use of language and imagery the poet portrays the snake as a powerful and majestic creature. This emphasizes the persona’s response to the snakes. She implies that we humans have narrow stereotypical views of the snake. This poem portrays how humans don’t always learn how to respect other creatures and only think of ourselves. Throughout the poem the personas view of the snake is mingled with admiration and amazement and fear. This was shown by the words â€Å"sun glazed†, â€Å"curved† and â€Å"diamond scale†. These words portray the beauty of the snake and how the persona was fascinated by the snake’s appearance. On the fourth line of the second stanza the words â€Å"lost breath† shows how the persona was hypnotise by the snake’s beauty. Furthermore Judith Wright also uses oxymoron such as â€Å"cold , dark, and splendid† to show the majestic and fearful nature of the snake. The snake also shows a sense of determination as he pursues his prey displaying the beauty and power of the predators in nature. In stanza two he had his â€Å"head down† as he was perusing his prey. This highlights his sense of determination; this is further reinforced by the word â€Å"quested† describing the path it was taking to get to his prey. It was a mission for him although we as human saw it as a small and insignificant act. This makes us admire the snake in the way is dealing his problem, in order to survive. They are creatures that should be admire like any other animal and not treated differently. The poet also describes the snake as a dangerous creature that always focuses on surviving. The poem started off with a tranquil scene of an autumnal day. Through the adjective â€Å"sun-warmed† and â€Å"gentlest sky† an image of calmness is establish, also creating a peaceful tone. Sun warmed creates a sunny, calm perspective of the day. The tone c hanges in line three and four of the first stanza. Fear is shown in line three â€Å"We walked and froze half-through a pace.† The word â€Å"froze† has connotations of fear. The tone of the poem shifts to a tense and stressful one in comparison of the previous tranquil atmosphere. Throughout the poem Judith Wright uses descriptive words such as â€Å"great† and â€Å"black† to portray the power of the snake. The adjective â€Å"great† describes the snake size and  the word â€Å"black† symbolizes evil. The snake’s uses sinister movement such as â€Å"flickering† and â€Å"reeling†, its body shows his power as a predator but the snake didn’t even notice the humans. The snake was too busy dealing with his own needs and problems. In stanza three â€Å"what track he followed, what small food fled living from his fierce intent† shows he has power. It display how skilled he is at hunting and the other animals knows to stay out of his range. We need to appreciate the fact that he needs to survive, that’s why he needs to hunt. The poet implies that we should respect the snake and appreciate his characteristic rather than staying away from it as far as possible. Not only Judith and her companion are scared of the snake but even the animals are scared of the snake. The adjective â€Å"fierce† describes his intent but it was only for his survival. Judith Wright and her companion were curious but also fearful. The word â€Å"still† shows that they were petrified by fear â€Å"Our eyes went with him† describes that the poet was scared and was hypnotise by dear but still they were curious. The structure of the poem portrays the persona’s perspective of the hunting snake. It has the traditional four stanza layout which shows how the persona is stereotypical and narrow minded. The poem had a simple rhyme scheme ABAB. The continuous slow pace in the poem shows balance nature. Furthermore the rhyme scheme in the final stanza follows the mood of the persona. The rhyme pattern changed to ABBA. This could be because of the sudden shock the poet had realizing what a dangerous experience she has just gone through. The poem start to rhyme towards the end shows that the poet is already starting to get her thought back in order illu strating the impact the snake had in her life. The fact that she could maintain the rhyme to that point also demonstrate she was forcing herself to stay calm in the experience and it was only after the incident that she allowed herself to panic a little. The final stanza shows the feeling of the persona has changed. She shares a new perspective of nature. She respect and admire the snake yet she still fears it. Perhaps the persona and the companion never had this opportunity if being so close to the snake and to learn about it. Wright could be saying that we could be judging the snake wrongly. That it could not actually be a creature of evil. The persona powerfully changes from the experience she had just gone through. She portrays the snake as a powerful and dangerous but also majestic and admirable. The poem â€Å"hunting snake† shows us that nature  is equal to man. That snakes are like any other animal in the world. We need to admire them and not be prejudice and we shouldn’t stereotype it. Judith Wright has shown us that nature will only harm man if man harms nature. In the bible in the book of Genesis we are told that we are all equal. Therefore we human need to appreciate the snake rather than hate it and fear it as it is also a creature of God.

the Saatchi Gallery

As an art gallery that exists both in actuality as well as virtually, the Saatchi Gallery is second to none in the volume and quality of work housed on its website and in its halls. In fact, Saatchi represents the standard against which all other galleries are measured, and indeed may itself be the definitive source for accessing contemporary art of all styles. The gallery uses several methods to publish the creative work of the thousands of artists that utilise its services as a means of promoting themselves. In its online form, a wide variety of rooms exist in which artists may not only post samples of their work, but also interact with the other artists and with the art lovers that frequent its cyber-halls. Such rooms as the Stuart Room, provide a place for students of the visual arts to display their own work and form networks to promote and discuss art. The Crits Room allows other artists the opportunity to critique the works placed there on display, while a room exists in which street artists have the freedom to create and display their works without prejudice, but rather with acclaim. Other resources on the site also allow for the actual creation of artistic pieces, such as the availability of an online studio. In addition to this, the gallery (both London- and online-based) hosts a wide variety of exhibitions based on important historical or cultural themes. It includes culture-based themes such as â€Å"USA Today: New American Art,† â€Å"Germania: New Art from Germany,† and â€Å"New Britannia. † Exhibitions are also held under such themes as â€Å"The Power of Paper† and â€Å"Shape of Things to Come† in order to underscore the strength of these respective artistic mediums. The Saatchi Gallery therefore offers more than a portal to viewing art: it is a means of creating, exploring, and understanding current art as well as shaping its direction for the future. Showdown The Saatchi Gallery hosts its artist â€Å"Showdown† as a means of promoting and rewarding artists that demonstrate themselves as possessing extraordinary talent. It is also a means of getting popular opinion on the works of these up-and-coming artists. Over a one-week period, Saatchi accepts one piece of art work from each artist that chooses to enter the contest. Submissions are accepted between 9:00 a. m. on Monday until 6:00 p. m. on the following Sunday. Voting then begins, and each visitor to the site is allowed to rate the quality of each piece of work submitted. Visitors may vote on as many pieces as they wish, but are allotted only one vote for each individual piece. They indicate their preference for a particular work by rating it on a scale of one (1) to ten (10). After the scores are tallied, a duel begins between the two artists who have attained the highest scores. These two leaders vie for a chance to enter the final showdown, where the winners of twelve such rounds go head to head for the final prize of ?1000 for the winner and ?750 for the runner up. Entrance into this event on the Saatchi website is free and easy, and it holds the promise of furthering the careers of not just the talented winners but also of the wide variety of talented entrants whose works will be seen by Saatchi’s large viewing audience. The competition is also a means of exposing young artists to the triumphs and pitfalls that are likely to attend them throughout their entire artistic career. Therefore, artists not only get the chance to benefit monetarily, but also the chance to develop as a professional businessperson. Art Fair The Saatchi Gallery acts as a means of informing the public about the plethora of art events that take place annually around the globe. Within its pages, it is possible to find the profiles of those organisations that host and promote art shows in the various cities, regions, and countries of the world. Local, regional and international events are promoted on the site daily, with images, descriptions, and other critical information that enables the selective art lover to determine the likelihood of the event to suit his/her preferences. Saatchi welcomes all event hosts to utilise this resource as a means of getting traffic to their art shows or fairs, as well as to their website. In fact, this resource is offered free of charge to such art fair event planners, and they are welcome to use as many pages as necessary to aptly describe their fair and reach out to their intended audience. Upon choosing a username and password, event hosts are able to create a profile of their event that includes various dimensions. In addition to venue, hours, tickets/prices, directions and exhibitor profiles, space is granted for the inclusion of information about sponsors and also to upload pictures, images, or other graphics that will enhance the appeal of the event in the eyes of the public. Furthermore, the Saatchi gallery supports the editing of such event profiles so that pertinent information regarding the fair may be added at any time after the initial posting. This resource’s value has already been discovered by hundreds of artistic organisations, and the benefits gained by their use of the service have been incalculable. With this service, Saatchi offers next-generation methods of on-demand promotion to meet the requirements of 21st century art aficionados. Photographers The breadth and scope of the Saatchi Gallery’s influence in the world of art can be gauged by the variety of artistic genres to which it extends its facility. Saatchi extends all courtesies granted to artists also to a large number of photographers, and caters especially to those photo-artists who have gone unrecognised despite having produced consistently solid and meritorious work throughout their careers. The gallery bars no photographer on grounds of his/her cultural, national or ethnic background. Rather, cultural diversity is encouraged and fostered in the international artistic forum that the Saatchi Gallery has become. Photographers are welcome to upload their work to the website after completing a short registration process. Images should be uploaded as jpg files of a size no greater than 2 megabytes. Upon uploading, their work becomes viewable by the millions of viewers already frequenting the site, and accessible to the hundreds of art-oriented websites that link to Saatchi Online. For any photographer, this resource is invaluable in its ability to vivify their career as an artist. All are given the freedom to create their own profiles online and upload up to eight (8) pieces that they believe are most representative of their artistic talent and creative posture. Photographers are also allowed the chance to make contact with those interested in their work, and this group may range from admirers to potential buyers. The gallery also enhances the networking capabilities of these photographers with respect both to their work and to the work of others in their field. It allows them the chance to converse with photographers and critics alike as a means of gaining inspiration or of improving the quality of their future work. Saatchi Online is therefore an indispensable tool for the improvement of artistic photography careers on an international scale.

The Compound Conjugations of the French Verb Être

The Compound Conjugations of the French Verb Être The very irregular French verb  Ãƒ ªtre (to be)  is among the most frequently used and, therefore, most valuable verbs in the French language. You will find some form of it on every printed page, in every lesson and on the tip of every tongue. The  simple tenses  form the basis of most communication in everyday French, not only used by themselves as the equivalent of to be, but also as auxiliary verbs for the compound forms of many French verbs. The verb  Ãƒ ªtre also has its own compound tenses, which are likewise commonly used in spoken and written French. Both the irregular simple tenses and the irregular compound tenses of this verb also appear in many of the most common idiomatic expressions in the French language. Below are all of the compound tenses in which the  verb  Ãƒ ªtre appears. Compound Conjugations of the Irregular French Verb Être Pass compos Pluperfect Past subjunctive j ai t avais t aie t tu as t avais t aies t il a t avait t ait t nous avons t avions t ayons t vous avez t aviez t ayez t ils ont t avaient t aient t Future perfect Conditional perfect Pluperfect subjunctive j aurai t aurais t eusse t tu auras t aurais t eusses t il aura t aurait t et t nous aurons t aurions t eussions t vous aurez t auriez t eussiez t ils auront t auraient t eussent t Past anterior Conditional perfect, 2nd form j eus t eusse t tu eus t eusses t il eut t et t nous emes t eussions t vous etes t eussiez t ils eurent t eussent t Past imperative Past infinitive Perfect participle (tu) aie t avoir t ayant t (nous) ayons t - - (vous) ayez t - -

Small-Business Idea Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Small-Business Idea Paper - Essay Example Advantages and disadvantages of sole proprietorship Sole proprietorship is the most popular and the longest practiced form of business organization. Some of its advantages are the ease with which it can be established and the ease with which it can be wound up. The processes are cheap, and are free from legal formalities because only establishing a business requires registration of business name and work permit. The proprietor is entitled to all profits from the business and this motivates efforts for a successful venture. Pride in the proprietorship’s success is another advantage of the form of business organization and acts as an incentive among sole proprietors. This further facilitates healthy competition among players in the form of business organization and has positive impacts on macroeconomic aspects such as gross productivity level of an economy. Simple approach to tax that treats business revenue as the proprietor’s income, is another advantage because of the low tax rates and ease of filing tax returns. The form of business is also flexible because the proprietor is the boss. Ease of decision making due to lack of formal or moral obligations for consultations is another advantage (Pride, Hunges and Kapoor, 2011). Despite the many advantages, sole proprietorship has many disadvantages. The business has unlimited liabilities and this means that the proprietor’s personal resources can be seized to settle business’ debts. The enterprise’s life is also limited to that of the proprietor and capital base are limited because of lack of sufficient security for accessing capital. The owner also suffers all the losses and this may be significant to affect sustainability (Pride, Hunges and Kapoor, 2011). Types of financial statements for each form of business organization Financial statements for a sole proprietorship form of business are income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, and statement of owner’s equi ty. Income statement outlines costs and expenditure in the merchandise processes towards determination of net profit. Statement of owner’s equity traces, and accounts for, a business’ accumulated capital while the balance sheet offers an account of the business’ financial position by accounting for the assets and their sources. The statement of cash flow accounts for cash receipts and payments within an accounting period. The financial statements also apply to other forms of business organizations but their contents vary in complexity. Accounting for partnerships however includes partnership account besides these (Warren, Reeve and Duchac, 2011). Consequences of tax and legal implications Different legal and tax provisions apply to the different forms of business organization. Sole proprietorship is not subject to legal requirements and its taxes are treated as the proprietor’s personal income. Partnerships are subject to legal requirements such as regist ration of official business name, if the business does not operate under partners’ names, and subjection to formal documents such as article of association, memorandum of association. Partnerships’

Brain Imaging Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Brain Imaging Technologies - Essay Example The variety of energies and specialties like radiology, medical physics, nuclear pharmacy, etc has led to hospitals and university research centers being called diagnostic imaging or radiology or the science of radiology. No name yet worked out is wholly satisfactory in the countenance of the vivid changes which have occurred, mainly in the last three or four decades. (Kuhn, 2004) The power of contemporary computers to allow the speedy display of sectional images of the body by means of technologies such as ultrasound, computed tomography scan, single-photon emission topography, positron emission topography or magnetic resonance imaging has been cardinal to the upbringing of the latest technologies. Nevertheless, an equally great change has been that encompassing the move of medical imaging from the laboratory to the living room. Many Decades ago what was then radiological science poked a restricted series of diagnostic information to a referring medical doctor apprehensive to resolve diagnostic ambiguity between the diseases potentially able to report for a patient's indicators. In the beginning of the this century, imaging technology is used not only to spot the abrasion, and to do so more effectively, but to direct the needle used in its biopsy; not only to recognize a blocked vessel but to guide its dilatation as well. FMRI AND PET Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging is based on the boost in blood flow to the local vasculature that comes along neural activity in the brain. This result in a consequent local drop in deoxyhemoglobin because the augmentation in blood flow occurs without an amplification of similar magnitude in oxygen extraction. Thus, deoxyhemoglobin is every now and then is known as a contrast enhancing agent, and serves as the source of the signal for fMRI. Functional activity of the brain obtained from the magnetic resonance pointer has verified known anatomically dissimilar processing regions in the visual cortex, the motor cortex, and Broca's area of speech and language-related activities. Further, speedily rising bodies of research document communicate to findings between fMRI and usual electro-physiological methods to localize explicit functions of the human brain (Romanelli, 2004). Consequently, the number of medical and research centers with fMRI capabilities and investigational programs continues to shoot up. The major returns to fMRI as a technique to image brain activity related to a particular objective or sensory process says the the signal does not need doses of radioactive isotopes, the total scan time needed can be very less, i.e., on the order of 1.5 to 2.0 minutes per run (depending on the paradigm), and the in-plane resolution of the functional image is generally about 1.5 x 1.5 mm although resolutions less than 1 mm are likely. To put these pros in standpoint, functional images obtained by the earlier method of positron emission tomography, require doses of radioactive isotopes, multiple acquisitions, and therefore, longer imaging times. Additionally, the anticipated resolution of positron emission tomography images is much larger than the common functional magnetic resonance imaging pixel size. In addition, positron emission tomography usually requires that numerous individual brain images are joined in order to obtain a dependable